Passive Voice & Causative

Passive Voice

Passive voice dikenal dengan istilah kalimat pasif atau kebalikan dari kalimat aktif. Dalam hal ini subjek dalam kalimat passive voice dikenai atau menderita atas sebuah pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa indonesia kalimat pasif biasanya diikuti prefix berupa di- atau ter-. Contohnya jika kalimat aktifnya menginjak maka kalimat pasifnya menjadi diinjak atau terinjak.

S + TO BE + V3

Berikut ini adalah rumus passive voice dalam 16 tenses

No	Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
1	Present Simple Tense	S + V1 + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + V3 + by + O
		Many people speak English	English is spoken by many people
2	Present Continuous Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + V1-ing + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people are speaking English	English is being spoken by many people
3	Present Perfect Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O	S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
		Many people have spoken English	English has been spoken by many people
4	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O	S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people have been speaking English	English has been being spoken by many people
5	Past Simple Tense	S + V2 + O	S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O
		Many people spoke English	English was spoken by many people
6	Past Continuous Tense	S + to be (was, were) + V1-ing + O	S + to be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people were speaking English	English was being spoken by many people
7	Past Perfect Tense	S + had not + V3 + O	S + had + been + V3 + by + O
		Many people had spoken English	English had been spoken by many people
8	Past Perfect Continuous Tense	S + had + been + V1-ing + O	S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people had been speaking English	English had been being spoken by many people
9	Future Simple Tense	S + will not + V1 + O	S + will be + V3 + by + O
		Many people will speak English	English will be spoken by many people
10	Future Continuous Tense	S + will + be + V1-ing + O	S + will + be + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people will be speaking English	English will be being spoken by many people
11	Future Perfect Tense	S + will + have + V3 + O	S + will + have + been + V3 + by + O
		Many people will have spoken English	English will have been spoken by many people
12	Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O
		Many people will have been speaking English	English will have been being spoken by Many people
13	Past Future Simple Tense	S + would +  V1 + O	S + would + be + V3 + by + O
		Many people would speak English	English would be spoken by many people
14	Past Future Continuous Tense	S + would + be + V1-ing + O	S + would + be + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people would be speaking English	English would be being spoken by many people
15	Past Future Perfect Tense	S + would + have + V3 + O	S + would + have + been + V3 + by + O
		Many people would have spoken English	English would have been spoken by many people
16	Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + would + have + been + V1-ing + O	S + would + have + been +being + V3 + by + O
		Many people would have been speaking English	English would have been being spoken by many people

Causative Verb

Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan jika subjek tidak bertanggung jawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi, melainkan seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain yang melakukan aksi tersebut. Contohnya adalah : “I had my hair cut”. Subjek I pada kalimat tersebut tidak memotong rambutnya sendiri tapi justru membuat orang lain yang melakukannya. Umumnya ada empat kata kerja causative verb yang sering digunakan, yakni have, get, let, dan make.

1.       Have

Have merupakan kata kerja causative yang umum. Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :

Kalimat aktif :

S + (have/ had + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object.

Kalimat pasif :  

S+(have-had)+object+action verb(V-3).

Contoh :

I had my brother take that glass (aktif)

Mr. Setia had Lillie check the paper (aktif)

I had my jacket cleaned yesterday (pasif)

I had my computer fixed (pasif)

2.       Get

Penggunaan kata kerja Get mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :

Kalimat Aktif :

S + (get/ got) + agent + action verb (to infinitive)

Kalimat Pasif :

S + (got) + object + action verb (V-3)

Contoh :

He got his father to buy a ball (aktif)

I got my jacket cleaned (pasif)

3.      Let

Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :

Kalimat Aktif :

S + let + agent + action verb (bare infinitive)

Contoh :

Wil you let me go now?

She lets me drive her car

My father lets me choose the gift

4.      Make

Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk memaksa atau sangat meyakinkan seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :

Kalimat Aktif :

S + (make/ made) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive)

Contoh :

The manager makes her staff work hard

My teacher made me apologize for what I had said

Did she makes you wear that ugly hat?

Sumber : http://freeenglishcourse.info/rumus-passive-voice/

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/bahasa-inggris/pengertian-causative-verbs.aspx